Dust forecast for the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season
There will be less African dust than usual over the tropical Atlantic during this year's hurricane season, according to a new experimental dust forecast issued by Dr. Amato Evan of the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Evan used a statistical model that correlated levels of dust activity in past years with rainfall over the Sahel region of Africa and a natural regional wind pattern known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). He forecasts that dust levels over the Main Development Region (MDR, 8 - 20°N & 15 - 65°W) for Atlantic hurricanes during this year's hurricane season will be similar to last year's below-average levels, thanks in large part to plentiful rains over the Sahel region of Africa during the 2008 rainy season (Figure 1). However, the dust levels expected this year do not approach the record lows seen in 1994 and 2005. Dust forecasts made in May or June are skillful going out five months, with a skill 11 - 16% better than a "no-skill" forecast using climatology.
Figure 1. Rainfall over the Sahel region of Africa was generally 50 - 100 mm (2 - 4 inches) above average during the 2008 rainy season (about 20 - 80% above average). The heavy rains promoted vigorous vegetation growth in 2009, resulting in less bare ground capable of generating dust. Image credit: NOAA/Climate Prediction Center.
The Sahara and the Sahel: significant sources of dust
The summertime dust that affects Atlantic tropical storms originates over the southwestern Sahara (18° - 22° N) and the northwestern Sahel (15° - 18° N) (Figure 2). The dust that originates in the Southwest Sahara stays relatively constant from year to year. However, the dust from the northwestern Sahel varies significantly from year to year, and understanding this variation may be a key factor in improving our forecasts of seasonal hurricane activity in the Atlantic. The amount of dust that gets transported over the Atlantic depends on a mix of three main factors: the large scale and local scale weather patterns (windy weather transports more dust), how wet the current rainy season is (wet weather will wash out dust before it gets transported over the Atlantic), and how dry and drought-damaged the soil is. The level of drought experienced in the northwestern Sahel during the previous year's rainy season (June - October) is the key factor of the three in determining how much dust gets transported over the Atlantic during hurricane season, according to a January 2004 study published in Geophysical Research Letters published by C. Moulin and I. Chiapello. A dry rainy season the previous year will make an expanded area of loose soil which can create dust. It is also possible that the corresponding changes in vegetation can alter the regional weather patterns, causing more dust production.
Figure 2. Map of the mean summer dust optical thickness derived from satellite measurements between 1979 and 2000. Maximum dust amounts originate in the northern Sahel (15° to 18° N) and the Sahara (18° to 22° N). The Bodele depression in Chad is also an active dust source. Image credit: Evidence of the control of summer atmospheric transport of African dust over the Atlantic by Sahel sources from TOMS satellites (1979-2000) by C. Moulin and I. Chiapello, published in January 2004 in Geophysical Research Letters.
How dust suppresses hurricanes
Dust acts as a shield which keeps sunlight from reaching the surface. Thus, large amounts of dust can keep the sea surface temperatures up to 1°C cooler than average in the hurricane Main Development Region (MDR) off the coast of Africa, providing hurricanes with less energy to form and grow. Dust also affects the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), an layer of dry, dusty Saharan air that rides up over the low-level moist air over the tropical Atlantic. At the boundary between the SAL and low-level moist air where the trade winds blow is the trade wind inversion--a region of the atmosphere where the temperature increases with height. Since atmospheric temperature normally decreases with height, this "inversion" acts to but the brakes on any thunderstorms that try to punch through it. This happens because the air in a thunderstorm's updraft suddenly encounters a region where the updraft air is cooler and less buoyant than the surrounding air, and thus will not be able to keep moving upward. The dust in the SAL absorbs solar radiation, which heats the air in the trade wind inversion. This makes the inversion stronger, which inhibits the thunderstorms that power a hurricane. The dust may also act to interfere with the formation of cloud drops and rain drops that these thunderstorms need to grow, but little is known about such effects. It is possible that dust may act to help hurricanes by serving as "condensation nuclei"--centers around which raindrops can form and grow.
For additional reading
Dr. Evan published a study in Science magazine this March showing that 69% of the increase in Atlantic sea surface temperatures over the past 26 years could be attributed to decreases in the amount of dust in the atmosphere.
Jeff Masters
Reader Comments
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Ike, yes I am drinking 4-5 gallons a day it seems, my location 102 degrees 38% humidity.
Reflector site for those at work, which now also includes Weather456, daily updates
AOI #1
AOI #2
Looking at both of those, *IF* the BOC blob does develop into anything (keep in mind its under marginal shear of 10-20 kts), it will be steered right into the northern Mexico or southern Texas coasts pretty quick. IMO, that is a good thing, since both of those areas desparately need the rain. (especially south Texas... they are in "exceptional drought" conditions)
That's going to make the Canadians here very happy that Mike's got it goin'...
Unless the "lefty" you're talkin' about is Phil baby...
That would make me very happy! :)
Hmm and my lefty is missing Birdie putts left right and centre (well maybe not centre or it would be in).... sheesh.
I don't know... he is known for chocking in this Open.
"Ixtapa Zihuatanejo, MX (Airport)
Updated: 1 hr 8 min 54 sec ago
Rain
81 °F
Rain
Humidity: 84%
Dew Point: 75 °F
Wind: 7 mph from the South
Pressure: 29.63 in (Rising)
Heat Index: 86 °F
Visibility: 3.0 miles
UV: 1 out of 16
Clouds:
Mostly Cloudy 1000 ft
Overcast 8000 ft
(Above Ground Level)
Elevation: 20 ft"
I knew who you were talking about.. the two Lefties :)
That appears to be part of the problem, the NHC is not as smart as you. You might want to give them a call and offer your assistance.
Tagged an invest based on?
The requirements to be designated an Invest are grey at best. Since you agree it has no possibility at this time of ever getting rated higher then an invest.. why name it?
For general questions, comments, or feedback on tropical cyclones and the NHC contact our Public Relations Officer at
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just tell em orca sent ya
Think reason they wont call it invest is because its going to be on land shortly, so it doesnt warrant any potential development beyond 24-48 hrs. It is an invest but it wont exist in 24-48 hrs so.... think thats their criteria.
I don't live there....I'm in Defuniak Springs,FL......
Tropical Update
ROFL, smarta**
Has the garbage started to stack up yet.. did they go on strike?
Hehe... indeed.
In my eyes, it is, has good vorcity, circulation, convection sustained, and in marginally favorable conditions.. It's an invest to me.
two lefties make a right, right?
Looking at the 12Z models, it seems that they have a hard time initializing this.
200mb Vorticity - North Atlantic - Latest Available - Large Scale
???
http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/real-time/atlantic/winds/wg8vor4.html
That was 200MB vorticity
That is a nice-sized SAL blob coming off of Africa...
It has been for a while... except for the NOGAPS as we all know... but one thing that I've noticed is that GFS has been trending towards a more "clustered" disturb area in the W Carib when before it would have an ample area of moisture surging up and diverging in different directions... but on the last couple runs it has been trying to consolidate this "mess" in a more organized system. I guess we'll see if NOGAPS stills stubborn and if other models concur.
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