The climate is changing: the Arctic Dipole emerges
The dramatic loss of Arctic sea ice in recent years has created a fundamental new change in the atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere that has sped up sea ice loss and is affecting fall and winter weather across most of the Northern Hemisphere, according to several recent studies. Arctic sea ice loss peaks in September and October, exposing a large area of open water that heats the air above it. This extra heat has helped drive September - November air temperatures in the Arctic to 1°C (1.8°F) or more above average over about half of the depth of the lower atmosphere (Figure 1). This deep layer of warm air has grown less dense and expanded, pushing the top of the troposphere (the lower atmosphere) higher. The result has been a decrease in the pressure gradient (the difference in pressure) between the North Pole and mid-latitudes. With not as much difference in pressure to try and equalize, the jet stream has slowed down in the Arctic, creating a major change in the atmospheric circulation for the Northern Hemisphere.
Figure 1. Cross section of Arctic temperature anomaly from 1000 mb (the surface) to 300 mb (roughly, the height of the top of the lower atmosphere or troposphere). Cross section is taken along the Date Line (180°W), from 60°N latitude (left side) to the North Pole (right side), for September - November for the 12-year period 1998 - 2009. Three year averages were done to reduce the amount of year-to-year noise associated with natural variation. Other cross sections along different lines of longitude show similar results, though typically with more warming aloft and less warming at the surface. Image credit: NOAA/ESRL.
A new atmospheric pattern emerges: the Arctic Dipole
In a 2008 article titled, Recent radical shifts of atmospheric circulations and rapid changes in Arctic climate system Zhang et al. show that the extreme loss of Arctic sea ice since 2001 has been accompanied by a radical shift of the Arctic atmospheric circulation patterns, into a new mode they call the Arctic Rapid change Pattern. The new atmospheric circulation pattern has also been recognized by other researchers, who refer to it as the Arctic Dipole (Richter-Menge et al., 2009). The old atmospheric patterns that controlled Arctic weather--the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO), which featured air flow that tended to circle the pole, now alternate with the new Arctic Dipole pattern. The Arctic Dipole pattern features anomalous high pressure on the North American side of the Arctic, and low pressure on the Eurasian side. This results in winds blowing more from south to north, increasing transport of heat into the central Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Dipole pattern occurred in all summer months of 2007 and helped support the record 2007 summer reduction in sea ice extent (Overland et al., 2008). Overland et al., 2010 also found that the Arctic Dipole pattern tended to create an increase in easterly winds in the lower half of the atmosphere of 40% in fall, between 2002 - 2008. Fall 2008 through spring 2009 featured the old AO pattern. The new Arctic Dipole pattern re-appeared in June - July 2009, but the old AO pattern dominated in August - September, resulting in greater sea ice extent than in 2007 and 2008. The Arctic Dipole pattern was active again in October, inactive in November, and reasserted itself this December. As a result, Arctic sea ice reached a new record minimum for a 10-day period in early November, increased above record lows during late November and early December, and appears poised again to reach a new record minimum later this December (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Sea ice extent in the Arctic for this year (blue line) compared to the record low year of 2007 (green line) and 1979 - 2000 average (gray line). One could make the ice loss looks less significant by using the full satellite data record from 1979 - 2008 for the average. Image credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Arctic Dipole blamed for colder winters in East Asia
It turns out that the new Arctic circulation patterns help to intensify the Siberian High, a large semi-permanent region of surface high pressure prevalent in winter over Siberia. According to Honda et al. (2009), this results in increased flow of cold air out of the Arctic in early winter over eastern Russia, Japan, Korea, and eastern China, causing colder temperatures. By late winter, the pattern shifts, resulting in colder than average temperatures from East Asia to Europe.
Arctic Dipole blamed for drier winters in Northern Europe
Francis et al. (2009) found that during 1979 - 2006, years that had unusually low summertime Arctic sea had a 10 - 20% reduction in the temperature difference between the Equator and North Pole. This resulted in a weaker jet stream with slower winds that lasted a full six months, through fall and winter. The weaker jet caused a weaker Aleutian Low and Icelandic Low during the winter, resulting in a more negative North Atlantic Oscillation--a pattern that usually brings reduced winter precipitation over Alaska and Northern Europe and increased precipitation over Southern Europe. A more negative NAO also tends to bring cold winters to eastern North America and Europe. Though it was not mentioned in the article, reduced Arctic sea ice may also cause dry early winter conditions in the U.S. and the Caribbean (Figure 3). The authors noted that strong La Niña or El Niño events can have a much larger influence on the wintertime atmospheric circulation, which will overshadow the changes due to Arctic sea ice loss.
Figure 3. Difference in early winter precipitation (November - January) between five years that had low Arctic sea ice (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009), and five years that had unusually high Arctic sea ice extent (1981, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1993). Note that low sea ice may be responsible for dry conditions in early winter for the Caribbean and most of the U.S.
Commentary
Arctic sea ice loss appears to have created a new atmospheric circulation pattern that brings more warm air in the Arctic, creating a positive feedback loop that causes even more sea ice loss. This feedback loop increases the likelihood that an ice-free Arctic in the summer will indeed come by 2030, as many Arctic experts are predicting. It's worth noting that such an atmospheric circulation shift was not predicted by the climate models. Indeed, the loss of Arctic sea ice over the past three years exceeds what any of our models were predicting (Figure 4). While we can rightly criticize these models for their inaccuracy, we should realize that they are just as capable of making errors not in our favor as they are of making errors in our favor.
Figure 4. Arctic sea ice extent from observations (thick orange line) and 13 model forecasts used to formulate the 2007 IPCC report (light lines). The thick black line is the multi-model ensemble mean, with the standard deviation plotted as a dashed black line. Image has been updated to include the observed 2008 and 2009 measurements. None of the models predicted the record 2007 sea ice loss. Image credit: Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast by Stroeve et al., 2007.
References
Francis, J.A., W. Chan, D.J. Leathers, J.R. Miller, and D.E. Veron, 2009, "Winter Northern Hemisphere weather patterns remember summer Arctic sea-ice extent", Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L07503, doi:10.1029/2009GL037274.
Honda, M., J. Inoue, and S. Yamane, 2009. Influence of low Arctic sea - ice minima on anomalously cold Eurasian winters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08707, doi:10.1029/2008GL037079.
Overland, J. E., M. Wang, and S. Salo, 2008: The recent Arctic warm period, Tellus, 60A, 589.597.
Overland, J. E., and M. Wang, 2010: Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice. Tellus, 62A, 1–9.
Richter-Menge, J., and J.E. Overland, Eds., 2009: Arctic Report Card 2009, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard.
Simmonds, I., and K. Keay (2009), Extraordinary September Arctic sea ice reductions and their relationships with storm behavior over 1979.2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19715, doi:10.1029/2009GL039810.
Wu, B., J. Wang, and J. E. Walsh, 2006: Dipole anomaly in the winter Arctic atmosphere and its association with sea ice motion. J. Climate, 19, 210-225.
Zhang, X., A. Sorteberg, J. Zhang, R. Gerdes, and J. C. Comiso (2008), Recent radical shifts of atmospheric circulations and rapid changes in Arctic climate system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22701, doi:10.1029/2008GL035607.
Jeff Masters
Reader Comments
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for pat 18z
haha yeah, football for us Colt's fans was glorious today, and ok I will definitely check it out!
have a goodnight!!
Feel sorry for those people in coastal new England lol.
LOL that is too funny!
LOL I think he took some from mine as well :P
Where did you see that at? Point me please.
I have PEOPLES WATER COMPANY.
City water is ECUA (Emerald Coast utilties Authority.
Peoples is very good.
Indian Ocean
96B.INVEST
05B.WARD
Southern Hem.
93S.INVEST
92P.INVEST
90P.INVEST
06S.LAURENCE
05S.FIVE
04P.MICK
03S.CLEO
With my bad eyes...does that say 372 hours out?
15 days out....double lol
Best to see what is happening when you wake up. Hades and Aussie do a good job of keeping us up to date during our morning hours.
...NOTE TO USERS OF BUOY DATA...
DATA HAS BEEN MISSING FROM 41113 SINCE 12/7. DATA STOPPED AT 41009
ON 12/12 AT 17Z. THE TIME FOR A RETURN OF DATA FROM THESE BUOYS IS
NOT KNOWN.
there is no 96B 90P 93S 92P that main navy site is vary slow in updateing
here is what i have
Indian Ocean
05B.WARD
Southern Hemisphere
06S.LAURENCE
04P.MICK
03S.CLEO
05S.FIVE
from here this site is more updated then that on crapy navy site
Link
Tropical Cyclone Advisory Number TWENTY-FOUR
DEEP DEPRESSION, FORMER WARD (BOB05-2009)
5:30 AM IST December 14 2009
==========================================
Subject: Deep depression over the southwest Bay of Bengal.
At 0:00 AM UTC, Deep Depression, Former Ward over southwest Bay of Bengal moved further westwards and lay centered near 9.0N 82.0E, about 100 km northeast of Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), 300 km southeast of Nagapattinam and 300 km east-southeast of Pamban.
The system is likely to move in a westerly direction and cross north Sri Lanka near 9.0N around noon today Subsequently, it is likely to move in a west-southwesterly direction, emerge into Gulf of Mannar and cross south Tamil Nadu coast between Kanyakumari and Pamban around afternoon tomorrow.
Tropical Cyclone Advisory Number THIRTY
PERTURBATION TROPICALE, FORMER CLEO (06-20092010)
10:00 AM Réunion December 14 2009
=========================================
At 6:00 AM UTC, Tropical Disturbance, Former Cleo (1004 hPa) located at 17.6S 60.7E has 10 minute sustained winds of 25 knots with gusts of 35 knots. The disturbance is reported as moving south-southwest at 7 knots.
Dvorak Intensity: T2.0
Forecast and Intensity
========================
12 HRS: 19.6S 60.6E - 25 knots (PERTURBATION Tropicale)
24 HRS: 21.5S 61.1E - 25 knots (PERTURBATION Tropicale)
48 HRS: 25.1S 64.0E - 30 knots (Devenant EXTRATROPICAL)
72 HRS: 30.2S 68.6E - 25 knots (EXTRATROPICAL)
Additional Information
======================
Ex-CLEO is now tracking southward towards a broad polar. on this track energetic environment is soon expected to be marginal warm and rapidly to downgrade south of 18S. Vertical wind shear should also clearly strengthen next night. Maximum winds should temporarily reach near gale-force winds in the western semi-circle within 24-36 hours during the extratropical phasis. In relationship with the rebuilding subtropical high pressure belt in the southwest.
Tropical Cyclone Advisory Number THREE
ZONE PERTURBEE 07-20092010
10:00 AM Réunion December 14 2009
=========================================
At 6:00 AM UTC, Area of Disturbed Weather 07R (1005 hPa) located at 12.8S 81.5E has 10 minute sustained winds of 20 knots with gusts of 30 knots. The disturbance is reported as moving southwest at 6 knots.
RMSC Dvorak Intensity: T1.0/1.5
Forecast and Intensity
========================
12 HRS: 14.1S 79.7E - 20 knots (PERTURBATION Tropicale)
24 HRS: 15.0S 77.9E - 20 knots (PERTURBATION Tropicale)
48 HRS: 15.4S 74.5E - 15 knots (Se Dissipant)
72 HRS: 14.3S 72.2E - 15 knots (Se Dissipant)
Additional Information
======================
Low level circulation remains disorganized and is not expected to improve due to lack of monsoon equatorward inflow and increasing wind shear on and after 36 hrs. System should also stay at a weak stage within the next 3 days.
THIS IS THE LAST WARNING ABOUT THIS SYSTEM UNLESS RE-INTENSIFYING FROM THE MAURITIUS METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES.
Tropical Cyclone Advice Number 25
TROPICAL CYCLONE LAURENCE (01U)
5:00 pm ACST December 14 2009
==========================================
At 3:30 pm CST [2:00 pm WST] Tropical Cyclone Laurence, Category 1 (996 hPa) located at 13.0S 127.8E has 10 minute sustained winds of 40 knots with gusts of 55 knots. The cyclone was estimated to be 190 kms northeast of Kalumburu and 280 kms north of Wyndham and moving west at 7 knots.
Gale-Force Winds
===============
60 NM from the center
Dvorak Intensity: T3.0/3.0/S0.0/ 24hrs
Tropical Cyclone Laurence is expected to move west southwest parallel to the north Kimberley coast in Western Australia.
GALES with gusts to 100 kilometres per hour are expected to develop on the north Kimberley coast tonight. DESTRUCTIVE WINDS with gusts to 130 kilometres per hour may develop between Kalumburu and Kuri Bay during Tuesday.
HEAVY RAIN is expected in the north Kimberley region tonight and Tuesday as the cyclone moves closer to the coast.
Tropical Cyclone Watches/Warnings
==================================
A Cyclone WARNING continues for coastal areas from Kuri Bay to Wyndham.
A Cyclone WATCH continues for coastal areas from Cape Leveque to Kuri Bay, including Derby.
Forecast and Intensity
=======================
12 HRS: 13.2S 126.6E - 45 knots (CAT 1)
24 HRS: 13.6S 125.6E - 50 knots (CAT 2)
48 HRS: 15.0S 124.8E - 50 knots (CAT 2)
72 HRS: 16.6S 125.0E - 40 knots (CAT 1)
Additional Information
======================
Latest fix for Tropical Cyclone Laurence is good, based on well-defined radar and partially exposed LLCC on visible MTSAT imagery. Recent movement is west at 6 knots. Curved band pattern with 0.6 wrap gives DT=3.0. MET, PT and FT in agreement.
Forecast track based on consensus of available 12UTC model runs biased with two most recent ECMWF runs. Track modified to match recent westward movement. Resumption of westerly movement can be explained by building mid-level ridge to the south. 500hPa steering pattern dominated by a ridge to the SE, so SW turn expected.
Mid-level dry air in western sectors and weak vertical wind shear between low and mid-levels expected to inhibit development rate for the first 24 hours, but category 2 intensity could be reached before significant land interaction occurs. Laurence, on its current forecast track, is expected to travel parallel to the WA coast then turn southwards after around 48 hours under the influence of a large upper trough moving in from the west. If the cyclone remains offshore it may intensify further before increasing wind shear limits development.
Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number 7
TROPICAL CYCLONE MICK, Category 2 (01F)
18:00 PM FST December 14 2009
========================================
TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNING.
A TROPICAL CYCLONE STORM WARNING IS NOW IN FORCE FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF VITI LEVU, VATULELE, BEQA, KADAVU AND NEARBY SMALLER ISLANDS.
A GALE WARNING REMAINS IN FORCE FOR THE REST OF FIJI.
At 6:00 AM UTC, Tropical Cyclone Mick (975 hPa) located at 18.2S 178.1E has 10 minute sustained winds of 60 knots and is reported as moving southeast at 10 knots. Position GOOD based on radar, multispectral enhanced infrared imagery with animation and peripheral observations.
Storm -Force Winds
===================
30 NM from the cener
Gale-Force Winds
================
150 NM from the center in sectors from north through east to southwest
within 100 NM elsewhere
Organization in the last 12 hours has not changed much with outflow good to southeast and north but restricted elsewhere. Tropical Cyclone Mick lies just to the east of a upper shortwave trough 20-25 knot shear over the system. Sea surface temperature is around 28C. System moving into stronger shear and cooler sea surface temperature. Cyclone steered by a northwest deep layer mean flow.
DVORAK BASED ON >1.75 DEG EMBD DIST YIELDING A DT4.0. PT AND MET=4.
FT BASED ON MET, THUS T4.0/4.0/D1.0/24HRS. MOST
Global models agree on a short term intensification and a forecast southeast track.
Forecast and Intensity
========================
12 HRS: 19.3S 179.1E - 60 knots (CAT 2)
24 HRS: 20.5S 179.7E - 55 knots (CAT 2)
48 HRS: 23.2S 176.7W - 60 knots (CAT 2)
The Next Tropical Disturbance Advisory will be issued at around 14:30 PM UTC..
Tropical Cyclone Bulletin Number TWENTY-SIX
DEEP DEPRESSION, FORMER WARD (BOB05-2009)
11:30 AM IST December 14 2009
=============================================
Subject: Deep depression over the southwest Bay of Bengal.
At 6:00 AM UTC, DEEP DEPRESSION, FORMER WARD over southwest Bay of Bengal moved slightly westwards and lays centered near 8.5N 81.5E, very close to Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), about 300 km southeast of Nagapattinam and 250 km east-southeast of Pamban.
The system is likely to move in a westerly direction and cross north Sri Lanka coast close to Trincomalee within a few hours. Subsequently, it is likely to move in a westerly direction, emerge into Gulf of Mannar and cross south Tamil Nadu coast between Kanyakumari and Pamban around tomorrow afternoon. However the system shows sign of further weakening.
Developing countries block UN climate talks
By MICHAEL CASEY
Associated Press Writer
COPENHAGEN (AP) -- U.N. climate talks were thrown into disarray Monday as developing countries blocked negotiations, demanding that rich countries raise their pledges for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Representatives from developing countries said they refused to participate in any working groups at the 192-nation summit until the issue was resolved.
The move was a setback for the Copenhagen talks, which were already faltering over long-running disputes between rich and poor nations over emissions cuts and financing for developing countries to deal with climate change.
"Nothing is happening at this moment," Zia Hoque Mukta, a delegate from Bangladesh, told The Associated Press. He said developing countries have demanded that conference president Connie Hedegaard bring the industrial nations' emissions targets to the top of the agenda before talks can resume.
Earlier Monday, British Climate Change Secretary Ed Miliband said it's up to him and his counterparts in Copenhagen to help bridge that gap between rich and poor countries and "not to leave everything" to the 100 world leaders - including President Barack Obama - who start arriving Wednesday.
"There are still difficult issues of process and substance that we have to overcome in the coming days," Miliband said. "Can we get the emission cuts we need? We need higher ambition from others and we will be pushing for that."
And seriously FOGGY!
AOI
AOI
AOI
AOI
And bad fog still around. 1/8 mile visibility at New Orleans Airport in Kenner. 100-foot visibility on the Causeway (that 26 mile bridge across the middle of the Lake). One lane, 35 mph police-led convoy for the commute (I will never have that commute, personally...nose joway).
Wow. We might need to rethink our understanding of what drives a hurricane if this has merit!
On the validity of representing hurricanes as Carnot heat engine
From the Abstract: "It is argued, on the basis of detailed critique of published literature, that the existing thermodynamic theory of hurricanes, where it is assumed that the hurricane power is formed due to heat input from the ocean, is not physically consistent, as it comes in conflict with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A quantitative perspective of describing hurricane energetics as that of an adiabatic atmospheric process occurring at the expense of condensation of water vapor that creates drop of local air pressure, is outlined."
Does make some sense. Prolific enough condensation of water vapor has to generate a local low pressure through simple reduction of volume consumed, and thus, have a matter displacement-effect.
Our current set of assumptions about the purely thermodynamic driver of hurricane pressure deficit "would imply heat transfer from a cooler object (oceanic surface)
to a warmer object (the radiating upper atmosphere), which is impossible."
Also: "Hurricanes and tornadoes could be compared to an explosion reversed and prolonged
in time. In the ordinary explosion potential energy concentrated in the explosion
center is released in a burst, making local air pressure rise sharply and causing
dynamic air movement in the direction away from the explosion center. Conversely,
condensation of saturated water vapor within the column of ascending air in hurricanes
and tornadoes leads to a sharp drop of local air pressure. This further enhances the
ascending motion of yet accelerating air masses, as well as the compensating radial
fluxes of moist air incoming to the area where the process of condensation is most
intensive. Water vapor contained in the incoming air undergoes condensation in the
same area; this sustains the pressure difference between the hurricane center and
its environment. Hurricane could also be compared to a black hole, which sucks the
surrounding air into the center, where it partially "annihilates" due to condensation of
water vapor and its disappearance from the gas phase. Thus, hurricane is an "anti
explosion". While in explosion the gas phase appears from either liquid or solid phase,
in hurricanes and tornadoes, conversely, the gas phase of water vapor partially disappears
from air due to condensation."
Interesting.
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/17423/2008/acpd-8-17423-2008.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Ocean_currents,_1943
RE: Best & Worst tap water question
(I'm not sure which provider in Pensacola is the worst -- very good point.)
Here's the article I posted the other day.
The DATA can be found on the Environmental Working Group web site (EWG). I just googled it, and haven't gone through the data.
Bloggers might want to go through this; VERY interesting and some surprising cities on each list, best and worst!
cities with worst and best tap water/a>
sounds plausible on the surface despite being seemingly so radical...just my humble opinion :)
if i understand the abstract correctly, it sounds similar to some of our wet distillation systems when a cold front passes. the rapid drop in ambient temperature can cause condensation in the system and causes the pressure to plummet. under the wrong circumstances, this effect can even create a vacuum in the system and implode the tower.
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology
Northern Territory
Darwin Regional Forecasting Centre
TOP PRIORITY FOR IMMEDIATE BROADCAST
Media: The Standard Emergency Warning Signal should NOT be used with this
warning.
TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNING
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVICE NUMBER 27
Issued by the BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY, DARWIN
at 11:00 pm CST [9:30 pm WST] Monday 14 December 2009
A Cyclone WARNING continues for coastal areas from Kuri Bay to Wyndham.
A Cyclone WATCH continues for coastal areas from Beagle Bay to Kuri Bay.
At 9:30 pm CST [8:00 pm WST] Tropical Cyclone Laurence, Category 1 was estimated
to be 140 kilometres north northeast of Kalumburu and 280 kilometres north
northwest of Wyndham and moving west at 12 kilometres per hour.
Tropical Cyclone Laurence is moving west and is expected to curve southwest
gradually approaching closer to the northwest Kimberley coast in Western
Australia.
GALES with gusts to 100 kilometres per hour are expected over the north
Kimberley coast and adjacent inland areas tonight, extending west during
Tuesday. DESTRUCTIVE WINDS with gusts to 130 kilometres per hour may develop
between Kalumburu and Kuri Bay later on Tuesday.
HEAVY RAIN is expected in the north Kimberley region tonight and Tuesday as the
cyclone moves closer to the coast.
FESA-State Emergency Service advises of the following community alerts:
YELLOW ALERT: People in or near the communities of Kalumburu, Mitchell Plateau
and Faraway Bay should be taking action in preparation for the cyclone's
arrival.
BLUE ALERT: People in or near the communities of Oombulgurri and Kuri Bay should
start taking precautions.
Details of Tropical Cyclone Laurence at 9:30 pm CST [8:00 pm WST]:
.Centre located near...... 13.2 degrees South 127.1 degrees East
.Location accuracy........ within 35 kilometres
.Recent movement.......... towards the west at 12 kilometres per hour
.Wind gusts near centre... 100 kilometres per hour, and slowly intensifying
.Severity category........ 1
.Central pressure......... 995 hectoPascals
The next advice will be issued by 2:00 am CST Tuesday 15 December[12:30 am WST
Tuesday 15 December].
I'm sorry I piggy backed on your post because I couldn't see another way to post.
I was just reading Jeff's latest entry and I want to know what this quote means?
"we should realize that they are just as capable of making errors not in our favor as they are of making errors in our favor."
Post from yesterday:
1174. AwakeInMaryland 3:12 AM GMT on December 14, 2009
Quoting atmoaggie:
Well, if accurate about what truly drives a hurricane, this behavior (on a molecular physics level) might be what our intensity forecasts have been missing.
Also could be very important in cyclogenesis modeling.
If our understanding of the physics that creates and maintains the pressure deficit makes a leap, our ability to forecast it should, too.
Ya' gotta love Atmo. This is him giving us "layperson's terms." He just. can't. talk down far enough. for a few of us.
That is interesting. I wonder how many years of observations (presumably ship obs) went into that. And what assumptions went into it. And what actual spatial coverage there is (with obvious analysis in between obs).
If you were hoping to find a modern-day equivalent, I would want to know all of the same things...
P-landAg, works in oceanic shipping. You guys have a modern general chart of the average ice extents and currents similar to that?
Very wise of you. Are you going to call your water company, too? Worst case scenario; they'll get their PR machine working OT -- best case, your water provider is okay, OR they'll start to clean up!
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