Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Flooding, tornadoes for TX, OK; dangerous 92L forms; 4th hottest summer for U.S.
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 1:41 PM GMT on September 09, 2010 +5
Dangerous flash flooding is occurring in Eastern Oklahoma this morning, where rainfall rates as heavy as three inches per hour from the remains of Tropical Storm Hermine are occurring. A large area of Eastern Oklahoma received 3 - 6 inches of rain last night and this morning, with radar-estimated rainfall amounts as high as fifteen inches (Figure 2.) Yesterday, Hermine killed two people in Texas, who were attempting to cross flood waters in their vehicles. Hermine dropped 6 - 8 inches of rain in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, creating moderate to major flooding along the Trinity River in Dallas. Two tornadoes touched down near Dallas, and NOAA's Storm Prediction Center logged a total of eight tornado reports in Oklahoma and Texas from Hermine. The latest rainfall totals from NOAA's Hydrometeorological Prediction Center show 15.62" fell in Georgetown, Texas, with fifteen locations in Texas receiving over ten inches of rain. Big city rainfall totals included 7.57" at Austin, 6.73" at San Antonio, 6.52" at Dallas, and 7.20" at Fort Worth.


Figure 1. Radar estimated rainfall for the Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas area from Hermine shows a large area of 6+ inches of rain, with maximum amounts of ten inches.

Figure 2. Radar estimated rainfall for eastern Oklahoma, where up to fifteen inches of rain fell last night and this morning.

Potentially dangerous Lesser Antilles tropical disturbance 92L forms
A tropical disturbance (92L) has developed over the extreme southeastern Caribbean just north of the coast of South America, over the southernmost Lesser Antilles Islands. Surface observations indicate that pressures have been slowly falling at a number of stations, and satellite loops show a modest region of heavy thunderstorm activity is building. A strong flow of upper level easterly winds is creating a moderate 10 - 20 knots of wind shear, and the waters are plenty warm for development. Water vapor satellite loops show a large area of dry air lies over the northern Caribbean, but this dry air should not interfere with development over the next two days.

The disturbance is slowly drifting westward, but steering currents favor a more northwest motion Friday and Saturday. Lower shear lies over the Central Caribbean, away from the coast of South America, so any northward component of motion will allow for more significant development. There is drier air to the north, but 92L is steadily moistening the atmosphere in the Caribbean, so dry air may not be a problem for it. There is substantial model support for development. The disturbance is in a dangerous location for development, and gives me the greatest concern of any Atlantic disturbance so far this year. The models predict that by Saturday, 92L will bring heavy rains to Puerto Rico. These rains will then spread to the Dominican Republic on Sunday, and Haiti, Jamaica, and eastern Cuba on Monday. The longer range track of 92L is uncertain, and will strongly depend on where the storm drifts during the next two days. The ECMWF and GFS models predict a more southerly path through the Western Caribbean towards Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and the NOGAPS and Canadian models predict a more northerly path along the length of Cuba towards Florida. NHC is giving 92L a 40% chance of developing into a tropical depression by Saturday. Stay tuned.


Figure 3. Morning satellite image of the potentially dangerous disturbance in the Southeast Caribbean.

Igor
Tropical Storm Igor is barely hanging on in the face of 20 - 25 knots of winds shear, courtesy of strong upper-level winds out of the east. The shear has exposed Igor's low level circulation to view, and the storm has just one small spot of heavy thunderstorms near its center. Once Igor gets another 200 miles away from Africa, the shear should decline to the moderate range, 10 - 20 knots, and allow steady strengthening to occur. Waters are warm, 28°C, and the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is well north of Igor, so the storm should intensity once the shear drops. The models are pretty unanimous about developing Igor into a hurricane 3 - 5 days from now. Igor will track west to west-northwest over the next week, with long range forecasts from the GFS and ECMWF models putting the storm several hundred miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles Islands a week from now. Climatology shows that about 20% of all tropical cyclones that have existed at Igor's current position have gone on to hit the U.S. East Coast; these odds are 10% for the U.S. Gulf Coast, 5% for Puerto Rico, and 10% for Canada. The forecast steering pattern for the coming two weeks from the GFS model shows a continuation of the pattern we've seen all hurricane season, with regular strong troughs of low pressure moving off the U.S. East Coast. This pattern favors Igor eventually recurving out to sea without affecting any land areas, and the odds of Igor hitting land are lower than climatology.

Elsewhere in the tropics
The GFS, NOGAPS, and ECMWF models predict the development of a new tropical wave off the coast of Africa 4 - 6 days from now.

Hottest summer in history for 50 million Americans
The U.S. had its fourth warmest summer since record keeping began 116 years ago, according to statistics issued yesterday by the National Climatic Data Center. Only 1936, 2006 and 1934 were hotter. Ten states had their warmest summer on record--Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Seventeen other states had a top-ten warmest summer, including five states that had their second warmest summer in history (Figure 4.) No states had a top-ten coldest summer. Record daily highs outpaced record daily lows by about 4 to 1 during the summer, with 5,287 daily record highs set, and 1,426 record lows. The summer warmth was a pretty remarkable swing from this past winter, which was the 18th coldest in U.S. history.


Figure 4. State-by-state temperature rankings for the summer of 2010. Image credit: National Climatic Data Center.

According to Chris Burt, author of Extreme Weather, approximately 50 - 60 million Americans experienced their hottest summer ever. No summer in U.S. history has affected so many Americans as "hottest-summer-on-record". The following large cities all posted a record hottest summer:

Washington D.C. National Airport: 81.3° (old record 80.0° summer of 1943)
Dulles Airport, VA: 77.8° (old record 76.8° summer of 2007)
Richmond, VA: 81.3° (old record 80.0° summer of 1994)
Atlantic City, NJ: 77.5° (old record 75.8° summer of 2005)
Philadelphia, PA: 79.6° (old record 78.9° summer of 1995)
New York City (Central Park): 77.8° (old record 77.3° summer of 1966)
Trenton, NJ: 77.7° (old record 76.5° summer of 1898)
Wilmington, DE: 77.8° (old record 77.7° summer of 1900)
Baltimore, MD: 79.2° (old record 79.1° summer of 1943)
Norfolk, VA: 81.1° (old record 80.0° summer of 1994)
Tampa, FL: 84.5° (previous record 84.2° in 1998)
Lakeland, FL: 84.6° (previous record 84.4° in 1987)
St. Petersburg, FL: 85.6° (old record 84.6° in 1987)

Santa Barbara, CA was the only major U.S. city that had its coldest summer on record, though several other California cities were unusually cool. San Diego had its 3rd coolest summer, and the Los Angeles airport had its 2nd coolest summer.

Fortunately, it was a very wet summer, and the record heat did not lead to widespread drought. Summer 2010 ranked as the 16th wettest summer in the 116-year record for the contiguous U.S. Wisconsin had its wettest summer on record, and six other states had a top-ten wettest summer. No state had a top-ten driest summer.

Next post
I'll have an update Friday morning.

Jeff Masters
Tornado from TS Hermine, Dallas, TX (Richochet)
Tornado (bright area, middle of photo over flooded Trinity River, form during an evening squall from TS Hermine
Tornado from TS Hermine, Dallas, TX
Hermine is on the way (BBedford)
Wave action on Padre Island,near Bob Hall pier this afternoon. Rain bands are already coming ashore.
Hermine is on the way
Tornado Damage Dallas, TX (Bordonaro)
An EF-2 Tornado (winds 111-115MPH) spawned by TD Hermine 9-8-10@ 6:20PM CDT damages warehouse in Dallas, TX.
Tornado Damage Dallas, TX
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101. GeoffreyWPB 2:25 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting DestinJeff:
WARNING:

Blog drifting into GW banter. Save the Women and Children first!


Captain Jeff...There's only enough lifeboats for half the bloggers!
Member Since: September 10, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 9127
102. Stormchaser2007 2:25 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Member Since: June 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15248
103. StormsAreCool 2:25 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting IKE:


Teh warming of the planet....global warming.


Oh. The hoax. Got it.
Member Since: July 23, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 133
104. gordydunnot 2:26 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Mnborn like 92l I think something is going give.Storm on the water, fire in the sky.
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105. IKE 2:26 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
The 12Z runs should be real interesting to follow...with 92L....
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106. TampaTom 2:26 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
From the previous blog:

Definitions from the NHC's glossary - some interesting reading:

Direct Hit:
A close approach of a tropical cyclone to a particular location. For locations on the left-hand side of a tropical cyclone's track (looking in the direction of motion), a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to the cyclone's radius of maximum wind. For locations on the right-hand side of the track, a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to twice the radius of maximum wind. Compare indirect hit, strike.

Indirect Hit:
Generally refers to locations that do not experience a direct hit from a tropical cyclone, but do experience hurricane force winds (either sustained or gusts) or tides of at least 4 feet above normal.

Landfall:
The intersection of the surface center of a tropical cyclone with a coastline. Because the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are not located precisely at the center, it is possible for a cyclone's strongest winds to be experienced over land even if landfall does not occur. Similarly, it is possible for a tropical cyclone to make landfall and have its strongest winds remain over the water. Compare direct hit, indirect hit, and strike.

Strike:
For any particular location, a hurricane strike occurs if that location passes within the hurricane's strike circle, a circle of 125 n mi diameter, centered 12.5 n mi to the right of the hurricane center (looking in the direction of motion). This circle is meant to depict the typical extent of hurricane force winds, which are approximately 75 n mi to the right of the center and 50 n mi to the left.

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107. MahFL 2:27 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Where is Jim Cantore ?
Member Since: June 9, 2004 Posts: 0 Comments: 2430
108. PrivateIdaho 2:27 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting IKE:




Well you're just full of good news!
Member Since: August 29, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 5211
109. StormsAreCool 2:27 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting Dixiegirl:


Thank you. I vividly remember the fear mongers screaming "WE ARE HAVING AN ICE AGE!!!!!" back in the 70s.


Hi Dixie.
Yep. Same thing.
Member Since: July 23, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 133
110. oracle28 2:27 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting FloridaHeat:


i have read that global warming also causes cold winters and snow so you must take that into account and you keep ignoring a tenth of a degree and over time that adds up and before you know it humans are extinct we have covered that a lot in one of my global warming classes


So global warming causes cold winters? Interesting....
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111. Orcasystems 2:28 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Member Since: October 1, 2007 Posts: 77 Comments: 26077
112. JLPR2 2:28 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    


Looks like the merger is done.
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115. GeoffreyWPB 2:29 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting oracle28:


So global warming causes cold winters? Interesting....


Take it easy on him. He just flushed his fish down the toilet.
Member Since: September 10, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 9127
116. MahFL 2:30 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Is there time for the cat5 huricane to make it to Gainsville to put out the Koran bonfire, just after the Pastor mentioned Global Warming ?
Member Since: June 9, 2004 Posts: 0 Comments: 2430
118. PrivateIdaho 2:31 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting DestinJeff:


She looks fairly moist.

Ex-Gaston, you little Devil.


Here I was, enjoying a Gaston free morning, but nooooo! DJeff has to go get the Gastonaphiles riled up!
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119. weathermanwannabe 2:31 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
It will be a wait and see with 92L and future model runs will vary depending on how "fast" the system is able to develop into a TD/Storm IMHO. The faster that happens, the more likely the models will start shifing to the NW towards the Greater Antilles and the like; if it is a slow burner, then a potential track towards the Yucatan, or, Yucatan Channel into the Gulf is also possible.............Too much uncertainty at the moment to speculate as to what may happen but we should have a better picture in about 72 hours.
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120. DookiePBC 2:31 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Anyone called 92L a fish yet? Annular? Trying to figure out how its going to hit Miami and New Orleans from there? ;-)
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121. BobinTampa 2:31 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting IKE:
The 12Z runs should be real interesting to follow...with 92L....



yeah, where 92L is, there's no shot of fish. It will affect somebody somewhere. We probably gotta root for a track that keeps to the south. Or hope that 92L got organizational advice from Gaston.
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122. PtownBryan 2:31 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Before I checked the nhc site, I said to myself, code orange! I did not expect to be right. I wonder if this is the storm that one model turned into a big storm and took it towards tx/la last night.
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123. hurricane23 2:33 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting bird72:


That same trof can make 92l go north?


I'am not stormw but if you don't mind i can throw out my 2cents...

One of the more consistent things in modeling the past few days has been the rebuilding of ridging in TX/western Gulf in the wake of TS Hermine. H5 should approach 594 dam, just as we see a rising tendency in the EPO owing to the negative AAM tendency that is occurring presently. Additionally, models indicate the -AO wave bottom circa the 18th as well. This setup, to me, suggests that the ridging in TX is unlikely to shift westward and more pac jet energy comes into the west coast circa day 18th. With high pressures over the pole, I would expect the ridge in Texas to be shunted into the south, not likely to see the H5 anomaly migrate north. All these factors to me suggest that the ridge in TX/Gulf will likely be stout and not shift around enough to allow the Carib wave (92L) to come westward into the the yucantan/mexico.

As far as intensity goes this thing can really take pretty quickly as the low level winds look great and that combined with the extreme heat content down there may result in a power cyclone in the coming days.

Here a look at the 12z intensity plots.
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124. CyclonicVoyage 2:33 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Morning All.

Surprised there has been no Ernesto comparison



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127. FloridaHeat 2:35 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting GeoffreyWPB:


Take it easy on him. He just flushed his fish down the toilet.


rip sir reginald poopums iii
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128. Orcasystems 2:35 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting DestinJeff:


and the band played on.

[the Firewall reaks havoc on comedic timing, btw]


If the blog goes GW today...I am catching the first boat.
Member Since: October 1, 2007 Posts: 77 Comments: 26077
129. 7544 2:35 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
cmc takes 92l n to the bahamas at 144 ngp close to the same this will be the one for fla to watch for
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131. muddertracker 2:36 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting FloridaHeat:


rip sir reginald poopums iii
I am so very sorry to hear about your fish. Please let me know if there is anything I can do in this time of need...
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132. KennyNebraska 2:36 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Julia is going to fry up some coastline du jour. Expect some inland broiling a-la-flood.

She's going to be a very organized cook. If she comes your way, get out of her kitchen!
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133. PrivateIdaho 2:36 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting DestinJeff:


and the band played on.

[the Firewall reaks havoc on comedic timing, btw]


Not sure timing is the main problem. :^)
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134. JBirdFireMedic 2:37 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting Orcasystems:


If the blog goes GW today...I am catching the first boat.


Save me a seat too!
Member Since: August 10, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 246
135. Dixiegirl 2:37 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting oracle28:


So global warming causes cold winters? Interesting....


I think it causes hair loss and bad breath too.
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136. PanhandleChuck 2:40 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting MahFL:
Where is Jim Cantore ?


Hiding behind JFV's shower curtain
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137. FloridaHeat 2:40 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting oracle28:


So global warming causes cold winters? Interesting....


yes i saw it on the news and that is also what my teacher says
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139. muddertracker 2:40 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Das blog is kaput!
Member Since: August 16, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 2126
140. crashingwaves 2:41 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Igor may do a Earl and cause havoc to the EC again. I don't buy that Igor is going to recurve out to sea. I was hoping Storm W. had a report today. Curious to see what his take is on Igor.
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141. DaytonaBeachWatcher 2:41 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting PanhandleChuck:


Hiding behind JFV's shower curtain


LOL
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142. KennyNebraska 2:41 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Let's all toast the future Julia before she toasts a coast!
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143. muddertracker 2:41 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting PanhandleChuck:


Hiding behind JFV's shower curtain

bahahahahhaha!
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145. BenInHouTX 2:42 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
First GW post of my time here. Not pushing for either side. Just making an observation with some related questions.

I'm interested in the fact that you have 2 of the top 4 hottest summers in 2006 and 2010, and the other 2 are 1934 and 1936. And directly in the middle of these 2 time periods you have the late 70's when there was the global cooling scare.

Is this evidence of a cycle? What were the atmospheric conditions in the mid-30's/late-70's? How does the solar activity of these 2 time periods compare to now?

Thanks.
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146. DookiePBC 2:44 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting DestinJeff:


There would have to be second storm for that to happen.

No way one storm could pull that off. These storms aren't magic, you know.


Yeah...but you throw a second storm in there and we automatically get a FujiFilms effect. ;-) Next thing you know, Barney's Bowl-O-Rama is on top of Forbidding Widow's Peak!
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148. PanhandleChuck 2:44 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting muddertracker:

bahahahahhaha!


As you can tell, I'm no Cantore!
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149. FloridaHeat 2:44 PM GMT on September 09, 2010    
Quoting BenInHouTX:
First GW post of my time here. Not pushing for either side. Just making an observation with some related questions.

I'm interested in the fact that you have 2 of the top 4 hottest summers in 2006 and 2010, and the other 2 are 1934 and 1936. And directly in the middle of these 2 time periods you have the late 70's when there was the global cooling scare.

Is this evidence of a cycle? What were the atmospheric conditions in the mid-30's/late-70's? How does the solar activity of these 2 time periods compare to now?

Thanks.

the ice age was likely caused by global warming
Member Since: July 31, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 357

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About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

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