Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Nation digs out from massive blizzard; Cyclone Yasi rips through Australia
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 2:05 PM GMT on February 03, 2011 +5
Chicago's third worst snowstorm on record is history, leaving in its wake a remarkable 20.2” of snow, snowdrifts up to ten feet high, and frigid below zero temperatures. Only the January 2 - 4 1999 blizzard (21.6") and January 2 – 4, 1967 blizzard (23”) dumped more snow on Chicago. The Groundhog's Day blizzard of 2011 had stronger winds than either of Chicago's other two record snowstorms, and thus was probably the worst snowstorm ever to affect the city, as far as impacts on travel go. Winds gusted as high as 61 mph at Chicago's O'Hare Airport, and winds at the Chicago buoy, 10 miles offshore in Lake Michigan, reached sustained speeds of 54 mph, gusting to 66 mph. Fortunately, Lake Michigan had so much ice on it that crashing waves were unable to cause significant flooding along the lake shore.

Chicago's 10 biggest Snowstorms:

1. 23.0 inches Jan 26-27, 1967
2. 21.6 inches Jan 1-3, 1999
3. 20.2 inches Feb 1-2, 2011
4. 19.2 inches Mar 25-26, 1930
5. 18.8 inches Jan 13-14, 1979
6. 16.2 inches Mar 7-8, 1931
7. 15.0 inches Dec 17-20, 1929
8. 14.9 inches Jan 30, 1939
9. 14.9 inches Jan 6-7, 1918
10. 14.3 inches Mar 25-26, 1970


Figure 1. A bus jack knifed on Lake Shore Drive in downtown Chicago on the night of February 1, 2011 during intense blizzard conditions, resulting in a dangerous situation where hundreds of cars became stranded behind the bus. Image credit: Viewer uploaded photo from WGN.

The most remarkable feature of this storm was its sheer size. Twenty-two states received snows of five inches or more, and over 100 million Americans experienced snow or freezing rain. Antioch, Illinois recorded the most snow of any location in the U.S., 27 inches. Also hard-hit were Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Iowa, Indiana, and Vermont, which all reported more than eighteen inches of snow. Seven states reported freezing rain that left 1/2” or more of ice accumulation, which resulted in power outages affecting hundreds of thousands of people.

The strength of the high pressure system behind the Groundhog's Day Blizzard of 2011 was also remarkable. Pressure readings in Montana at the height of the blizzard were well above 1050 mb, the type of high pressure only seen once every twenty years or so in the U.S. The difference in pressure between this high and the mighty blizzard drove a flood of cold air southwards out of Canada, creating the very high winds that shut down road travel over most of the Midwest during the height of the storm. The unusually strong push of cold air southwards has caused major problems in northern Texas, which is unused to multi-day periods of below-freezing temperatures. Many power plants were knocked off-line by the severe weather, and record electricity demand has overwhelmed the electrical system, resulting in widespread rotating blackouts. A rare Southeast Texas snowstorm is expected today, due to a new storm system moving eastwards across the state. Houston is expecting 1 – 3 inches of snow through Friday. All flights leaving Houston between 3pm today and noon Friday have been canceled, because the airports have no de-icing fluid.

Tropical Cyclone Yasi hits Queensland, Australia
Tropical Cyclone Yasi roared inland over Queensland, Australia at 12:30am local time on Thursday as a strengthening Category 4 storm with 155 mph winds and a 930 mb central pressure. The cyclone missed the most populous cities on the coast, Cairns and Townsville, which experienced wind gusts to about 60 mph. Undoubtedly, tremendous wind damage occurred in the small towns of Tully, Mission Beach, and Bingal Bay where the eye passed. A storm surge of 5 meters (16 feet) was observed at Cardwell, and 3 meters (10 feet) at Clump Point. Townsville received a 2.5 meter storm surge that damaged some sea walls. This was the highest storm surge observed since 1971 there.


Figure 2. Pressure readings from Clump Point on the Queensland, Australia coast during passage of Yasi bottomed out at 930 mb as the storm passed overhead. Image credit: Australian Bureau of Meteorology.

According to an email I received from Blair Trewin of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, ”Yasi is almost certainly the most intense landfall in Queensland since at least 1918, and possibly since 1899. In 1918 there were two cyclones (at Mackay and Innisfail) with measured pressures in the upper 920s/low 930s but it is quite plausible that the minimum central pressures were lower than that. The 1899 (Mahina/Bathurst Bay) cyclone had a measured pressure (ship near shore) of 914 mb.” However, the number of major tropical cyclones along the Queensland coast has declined since the 1870s, according to recent paper by Callaghan and Power (2010). They found that ”the number of severe TCs making land-fall over eastern Australia declined from about 0.45 TCs/year in the early 1870s to about 0.17 TCs/year in recent times—a 62% decline. This decline can be partially explained by a weakening of the Walker Circulation, and a natural shift towards a more El Niño-dominated era. The extent to which global warming might be also be partially responsible for the decline in land-falls—if it is at all—is unknown.”

References
Callaghan, J. and S. Power, (2010): Variability and decline in the number of severe tropical cyclones making land-fall over eastern Australia since the late nineteenth century, Climate Dynamics. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0883-2


Figure 3. Tropical Cyclone Yasi at 03:35 UTC February 2, 2011, as seen by NASA's Aqua satellite.

Jeff Masters
Yasi Damage Tully Nth Qld (AliHirst62)
Butler St Tully Nth Qld
Yasi Damage Tully Nth Qld
making a path for the dogs
It'sANewDay!..1 (suzi46)
peeking thru a skylight at the new day dawning..about 16 inches of new powder..now about 4 feet on the ground..really beautiful!
It'sANewDay!..1
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1. Patrap 2:08 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    


... Houston Winter Storm Warning in effect from noon today to noon CST Friday...

The National Weather Service in Houston/Galveston has issued a
Winter Storm Warning for snow... sleet and freezing rain... which
is in effect from noon today to noon CST Friday. The Winter Storm
Watch is no longer in effect.

An upper level storm system approaching from the west will
combine with increasing moisture and cold temperatures in the
lower atmosphere to generate a mix of snow... sleet... and freezing
rain across southeast Texas this afternoon through Friday
morning. The precipitation is expected to begin during the early
afternoon near the coast... and spread area wide by evening. The
wintry mix will continue Thursday night then taper off late
morning Friday.
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3. hcubed 2:29 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
"...This decline can be partially explained by a weakening of the Walker Circulation..."

Sounds like a good subject for a future blog post.

Nature article (behind paywall):

Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing


Abstract:

Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed, and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation. An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east–west) overturning of air across the equatorial Pacific Ocean—driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east — known as the Walker circulation. Here we explore changes in tropical Pacific circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-Pacific sea level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century.
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4. JRRP 2:34 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
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5. Inyo 2:42 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
It was indeed a bit of an odd storm in Vermont, as it was snowing heavily when it was as cold as 9F... from my admittedly limited experience that is quite cold for significant snow here. We've got around a foot of snow or a bit more, on top of about 2 inches two days ago and a foot or so from previous storms. Two more smallish storms in the forecast.. we're working on quite a snowpack!
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6. fireflymom 2:51 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Scotland preparing for Hurricane force winds with incoming Winter Gale.




Weather forecasters have warned that wind speeds could reach 80mph as gales batter parts of Scotland.

The Met Office issued a severe weather warning for the Western Isles, Shetland, the south west and parts of Ayrshire.

All schools on the Western Isles have closed early and public transport services will be reduced, the islands council said.

Overnight ferry sailings to and from Shetland have also been cancelled.

The Scottish Environment Protection Agency has also issued flood alerts, with up to 50mm of rain expected in some parts in the next 48 hours.

The stormy conditions have resulted in the Hrossey, from Aberdeen, and the Hjaltland, which was due to leave Lerwick for Aberdeen via Orkney, being cancelled.

The shipping forecast has also warned of possible hurricane force 12 winds for the Hebrides. Gusts of 63mph have already been recorded in Tiree and at South Uist.

According to the Met Office, there could be up to 60mm of rain in the west of the country and higher levels in the coming days.

They have joined the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (Sepa) to ensure co-ordination over possible flood risks.
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7. Jax82 2:55 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
winter precip def near FL.

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8. greentortuloni 2:56 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
hmmph. Waste of a lunch hour.
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10. RickWPB 3:08 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
NBC news this morning reported TC Yasi had maximum wind speeds of 200mph when it made landfall in Queensland, AU. I wonder if that was right? The history of that storm doesn't show that strength.

Anyway, my thoughts and prayers are with the folks down under. They've had enough already.
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11. GetReal 3:09 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
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12. Floodman 3:14 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Pat, GetReal, you guys seeing any snow/frozen stuff this morning?
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13. Patrap 3:15 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
A few Spritz of Slain and ,,well.


Were in Cautious Mode.
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14. GetReal 3:20 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting Floodman:
Pat, GetReal, you guys seeing any snow/frozen stuff this morning?


It is looking interesting... But there isn't much of anything yet making it to the surface...
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15. atmoaggie 3:24 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting Floodman:
Pat, GetReal, you guys seeing any snow/frozen stuff this morning?
On the northshore, very light, 95% rain 5% sleet.

Heard about icy bridges from LaPlace to BR and I-55 north of Hammond on the radio.

EDIT: I'd not be surprised if it isn't more froze-precip up towards Washington Parish, but I have no confirmed info.
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16. RRunner 3:27 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
This still doesn't compare with the January 1949 blizzard in intensity and length of the storm. I was seven years old then, and there were no interstates. Dad (US Army) had been reassigned from Washington DC to Seattle, Washington. It took us most of that month in our 1941 Chevrolet, following snowplows and mounting, dismounting, and repairing snow chains to travel across the country from Columbus, Ohio to Seattle.
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17. Orcasystems 3:31 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Complete Update





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18. atmoaggie 3:40 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting RRunner:
This still doesn't compare with the January 1949 blizzard in intensity and length of the storm. I was seven years old then, and there were no interstates. Dad (US Army) had been reassigned from Washington DC to Seattle, Washington. It took us most of that month in our 1941 Chevrolet, following snowplows and mounting, dismounting, and repairing snow chains to travel across the country from Columbus, Ohio to Seattle.
That sounds like an adventure.
;-)
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20. kwgirl 3:41 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting RRunner:
This still doesn't compare with the January 1949 blizzard in intensity and length of the storm. I was seven years old then, and there were no interstates. Dad (US Army) had been reassigned from Washington DC to Seattle, Washington. It took us most of that month in our 1941 Chevrolet, following snowplows and mounting, dismounting, and repairing snow chains to travel across the country from Columbus, Ohio to Seattle.
That must be the same year my mother traveled from Norfolk to Toledo for Easter and she said it snowed. She stated it took them all day to get out of Pittsburgh because of the ice on the roads and the steep hills. Imagine doing that with 2 small children in the car.
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21. Bordonaro 3:41 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Greetings from the frozen tundra of North TX (AKA-DFW, TX) :D

Yesterday was a wonderful 13/20F, averaging 17F of exactly 30F below normal, setting a new minimum high for 2-1. Records go back to 1898.

Stuck in the house since early Tuesday. Missed work on Tu, might not go in today, as SH 360 in Arlington, TX is a solid sheet of ice from I-20 to Division Street.

Temps are a balmy 17F, W/C +5F. Expecting a daytime high of between 22-25F in Arlington, with a dusting of snow tonight and tomorrow :D
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23. RitaEvac 3:56 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Is this legit?

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24. dziban303 4:00 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting Floodman:
Pat, GetReal, you guys seeing any snow/frozen stuff this morning?


Sleet in Algiers around 4:30 this morning, the plinking on my metal awnings woke me up. Since then, not much except for some very light rain.
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25. AussieStorm 4:00 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    








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26. AussieStorm 4:01 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    










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27. AussieStorm 4:03 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    












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28. 1900hurricane 4:04 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting RitaEvac:
Is this legit?


At first glance, that looked like ground clutter to me. However, as soon as I zoomed out and looked at the entire state, it didn't look so much like ground clutter anymore. Still though, there aren't any obs of snow in the area. Maybe it's virga?

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30. AussieStorm 4:04 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    










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33. AussieStorm 4:07 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    




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34. Patrap 4:09 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    

Area forecast discussion...updated for mesoscale update
National Weather Service Jackson MS
933 am CST Thursday Feb 3 2011


..complex winter weather episode developing for the arklamiss...


Mesoscale update...precipitation continues to gradually expand
across the forecast area this morning. Satellite clearly shows a
wave coming across eastern Texas with ascent increasing ahead of it.
New NAM appears underdone with this feature and associated quantitative precipitation forecast given
expanding precipitation areas on radar. Temperatures are in the middle 20s over
much of the area...except upper 20s to lower 30s in the southeast.
Surface wetbulb freezing line is well south of the area...and solid
overcast has overspread the area with weak to moderate cold air
advection continuing. So seems clear that precipitation will be all
of the winter variety today.


Southeast areas definitely appear to be initially under the gun as
precipitation is increasing in coverage and intensity there and upstream.
Area soundings and RUC/laps indicate that precipitation in the I-59
corridor would be primarily a mix of freezing rain and sleet. Expect
conditions to continue to deteriorate there with temperatures below
freezing with bridges and overpasses becoming an issue. Am growing
more concerned about areas farther to the north getting into the
precipitation earlier than forecast as precipitation is continuing
to expand across much of la. Precpitation area developing over
central la would move toward Jan metropolitan if it continues to develop.
May need to speed up some warnings if trends continue. Will udpate
grids to get precipitation in the forecast sooner. It is actually possible
that we could get a break in precipitation later today and evening over parts
of the area after this initial wave of activity moves through...
before the more widespread and heavier activity overnight. In the
areas along and northwest of the Natchez trace...forecast soundings
indicate that most precpitation today will be a combo of snow and
sleet.


We will be issuing updated Special Weather Statement products and graphicasts every 1-2
hours to keep people abreast of short term trends in the wintry
precipitation. /Aeg/

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35. AussieStorm 4:13 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Chicago Snow pics

one of many from that Photo Gallery.

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36. JRRP 4:13 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
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37. RitaEvac 4:20 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Report of snizzle on someones windshield in my area. Not quite snow not quite drizzle
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38. RitaEvac 4:21 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
He could of been smoking wizzle though, whatever that means
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39. RitaEvac 4:22 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
nizzle, shnizzle, wizzle, snizzle, Snoop Dog in tha house
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40. Beachfoxx 4:23 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Aussie,

Thank you for sharing those heart wrenching photos... Thoughts & prayers for our Aussie friends.
I'm sad to see the destruction, Australia is such a beautiful country - I know the people will pull together and over come this hardship.

Peace Be With You...
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41. JRRP 4:25 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting AussieStorm:





omg
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42. nocaneindy 4:35 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Quoting AussieStorm:










Aussie, what are some good charities to donate to for relieve over there?
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43. Floodman 4:40 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Aussie, our thoughts are with your neighbors in the north that have suffered so much...

How are you doing? Your reporting was very good, but I'm afraid you may be a bit worn out
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44. NttyGrtty 4:41 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
WOW! Thoughts are with you and yours Aussie...
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45. IKE 4:43 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
12Z GFS @ 192 hours....a blast of winter......


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46. Floodman 4:45 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Floodman is listening to:



It's going to be a Genesis sort of day, I fear
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47. Floodman 4:48 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Hmmm...the new format doesn't allow for youtube embedment?
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48. IKE 4:49 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    

Quoting Floodman:
Hmmm...the new format doesn't allow for youtube embedment?
Old format didn't either....not in the last 1-2 months.
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49. Floodman 4:49 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
Okay, then Floodman is listening to:

Squonk
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50. kwgirl 4:49 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
My thoughts and prayers are with the Australian people. Unfortunately, the pictures are very familiar. AussieStorm, be aware that there will be survivors guilt in the communities that did not get a lot of damage. It happened to us here in Key West after Hurricane Andrew. Some became so wrapped up in helping Homestead that they lost their businesses. It can be debilitating. Hopefully they will realize there was no fault in any of it and they will motivate themselves to help the less fortunate as they can. For the people who suffered damage and loss, in time they will think of it as a new beginning and perhaps a god send. I think the proper charity to give to for Australia is the Internationl Red Cross, indicating the funds are for relief of TC Yasi.
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51. Patrap 4:51 PM GMT on February 03, 2011    
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About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

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