Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Not a trace of Don; What's next?
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 7:41 PM GMT on July 30, 2011 +33
Don is dead

Tropical Storm Don, the fourth named storm of the 2011 season, made landfall near Baffin Bay, Texas yesterday evening around 10pm CDT in less-than-grand fashion. The storm was looking very weak for the 24 hours before landfall, but fizzled rapidly after landfall, and by early Saturday morning, there was barely a trace of the storm to show that it even existed in the first place.

NHC Hurricane Specialist Eric Blake probably said it best in this mornings 5am EDT discussion on the storm:

THE DON IS DEAD. THE CYCLONE LITERALLY EVAPORATED OVER TEXAS ABOUT
AS FAST AS I HAVE EVER SEEN WITHOUT MOUNTAINS INVOLVED. DON HAS NO
CONVECTION...MEAGER RAINFALL...AND ONLY A SLIGHT SIGNATURE IN
SURFACE OBSERVATIONS AND RADAR DATA. THEREFORE...THIS IS THE LAST
ADVISORY ON THIS SYSTEM.


Figure 1. Total precipitation accumulation for the storm, estimated by radar.

The heaviest rainfall was falling south of the storm's center yesterday, so it wasn't surprising that Brownsville saw the most rain, 0.63 inches. KBRO also recorded 18 mph wind gusts. But to the north of the center, where many of the media were located, not a drop of rain fell. Corpus Christi saw zero inches of rain, but did record gale-force wind gusts (39 mph). Harlingen, near Baffin Bay, and close to where the center made landfall, saw 0.20 inches of rain and 18 mph wind gusts. This storm did very, very little to relieve any drought conditions in Southern Texas. And so it continues.

What's next: Invest 91L continues to impress

Invest 91L, which is located near 12°N 48°W in the central Atlantic, continues to impress today, and has shown signs of more organization over the past 24 hours. 91L will probably develop into a tropical cyclone before it reaches the Lesser Antilles, so residents of these islands should remain watchful and prepared. Satellite loops show not only organized thunderstorm activity, but also the makings of a surface circulation. Something this wave has working against it right now is dry air—there's a large mass of Saharan air on the north and east sides of the system, which could at least prevent significant intensification. Also, University of Wisconsin CIMSS analysis shows some strong wind shear (30-40 knots) to the north of the wave. However, I don't expect this to prevent development of the wave. Wind shear out ahead of the system is relatively low (5-15 knots). Moisture is plenty high within the system, and sea surface temperatures are warm and toasty (28°C+) and will only get warmer as 91L moves west into the Caribbean.


Figure 2. Infrared satellite of invest 91L taken at 1:15pm EDT today.

Forecast for 91L
Most of the reliable forecast models (GFS, CMC, FIM, and the ECMWF) have come to agree that 91L will develop, however, they differ on how long-lived that will be. Some of the models are suggesting it will be a short-lived tropical cyclone, not making it out of the Caribbean alive, and some suggest that it will hold together and intensify as it moves north of the Caribbean islands. The forecast track for the system will most likely be to the northwest through the Caribbean, at which point it will take a northeast turn near the Bahamas, never reaching the U.S. coast. HWRF agrees with this track (and also brings the system to category 2 strength by August 3rd). However, there is still some uncertainty that the system could track west, south of the Caribbean islands, and potentially into the Gulf of Mexico. However, none of the models that suggest this solution actually show that the wave will be a tropical cyclone at that point.

The National Hurricane Center is giving this wave an 80% chance of developing into at least Tropical Depression Five over the next 48 hours. Chances are we will see Emily out of this system. A Hurricane Hunter mission is scheduled for tomorrow at 2pm EDT, but I wouldn't be totally surprised to see them call this system this evening, given the threat to the Lesser Antilles.

Watching a northwest Caribbean disturbance

A broad area of disturbed weather is producing some heavy thunderstorms in the northwest Caribbean, southeast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Little to no low-level circulation exists with this feature, and none of the models are picking up on it. The Hurricane Center has "blobbed" this item (as I like to say) with a "near 0%" chance of developing over the next 48 hours. This disturbance could cause major flooding in the region given the amount of thunderstorm activity, and predictability for systems like this (potential Bay of Cempeche tropical cyclones) is very low. Models have a short lead time on development, and they spin up very fast once they enter the Bay of Campeche given the favorable topography of the land surrounding it. The difference between this system, though, and one like Arlene, is that there is very, very little low level circulation already present. Pre-Arlene was a bit more organized before it crossed the Yucatan, and so it's hard to imagine that this disturbance will be able to hold together, should it get that far.

If 91L develops, I'll be back tomorrow with a post.

Angela
Categories: Hurricane
  Permalink | A A A
Reader Comments
Display: 0, 50, 100, 200 Sort: Newest First - Order Posted
Viewing: 1551 - 1601

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139Blog Index

1551. Slamguitar 5:15 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nigel20:

New wave exiting the west African coast.


This one has had my attention all day and will have a large part of it tomorrow while waiting for recon in 91L.
Member Since: July 2, 2011 Posts: 0 Comments: 1050
1552. JRRP 5:15 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Member Since: August 16, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4357
1553. MississippiWx 5:16 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


sorry we all arent as rich as you :p


Him not drinking wine makes him rich? LOL.
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1554. sky1989 5:16 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting cchsweatherman:


Nope, working on becoming a high school math teacher.


Hey, cool. That is what I am doing myself CCHS. I have one more year to complete to obtain my Bachelor's and then I plan on teaching 7th to 9th grade math.
Member Since: June 4, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 88
1555. FrankZapper 5:16 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
This thing can still go anywhere and there s still a good chance it won't amount to a hill of beans. I'm in NOLA, and if you think I'm comforted that a spaghetti splat has a wave going up the Eastern Seaboard. Not. We only have to look back in history, well, a few DAYS to Don originally predicted to follow a similar path and we know the rest. The thing that I most hate about the models is that they don't have to eat crow.
Member Since: May 26, 2011 Posts: 0 Comments: 1193
1556. VAbeachhurricanes 5:17 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


Him not drinking wine makes him rich? LOL.


haha no him not bragging about drinking wine boxes! lol, whens recon gonna get to 91L before i leave for work at 3?
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1557. OracleDeAtlantis 5:17 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting ProgressivePulse:
Sorry for the off topic however, this affects everyone and good news.

CNN BREAKING NEWS

Sources: Tentative debt deal calls for up to $2.8 trillion in savings.
Breaking news is right. We're broke!
Member Since: August 27, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 323
1558. nofailsafe 5:17 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
NOGAPS for 0600 is almost ready:



850mbar vort. Western Atlantic

You will notice that they have 91L heading much farther south. I don't know if this is an anomaly, we'll see in the morning I suppose.
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1559. MississippiWx 5:18 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
I think we can all agree that 91L is taking its time. The longer it takes the farther south and west it goes. If it doesn't develop before reaching the islands, it might not even be affected by a passing trof that much. I think 91L is in the process of consolidating its convection. We will probably see a much improved appearance tomorrow morning.
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1560. Ryuujin 5:18 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


If it remained the same, it still doesn't mean it wouldn't recurve 91L. There would be so many things different in our basin than in the Western Pacific that would change things.

As far as amplifying the trof, I don't know what would amplify it so much. It would probably have something to do with the death ridge over the United States. What amplifies any trof? Making claims that the trof won't amplify as much as the models say without having anything to back up that claim is uneducated. I'll believe you if you give me a good enough reason.


I'm not saying that I have evidence that the trof wont be amplified. I just know that the GFS models are cold biased. I see it all the time living in the midwest when we're supposed to get these horrible thunderstorms for it to go *pffffft* when it hits the Wabash River. It's the same idea, just different usages.

Anyway, lets just hope it re-curves or plows into Florida as a nice super rain soaking TS, to only turn and then plow into Texas as the same.
Member Since: August 20, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 365
1561. AussieStorm 5:19 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting sky1989:


What a monster!

Does this look like a cat 5 super-typhoon?






1 Super-Typhoon and 2 Tropical Depressions loop.

The ever shrinking eye of Super-Typhoon Muifa.
Member Since: September 30, 2007 Posts: 5 Comments: 13769
1562. sky1989 5:19 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting Stormchaser2007:


If the upgrade is compared to plastic surgery...

It'd be a face lift.


OK. Lol. So they just upgraded it. I was not completely just dreaming that up then. I can barely remember what I did today, more or less last year!
Member Since: June 4, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 88
1563. j2008 5:19 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:
NOGAPS for 0600 is almost ready:



850mbar vort. Western Atlantic

You will notice that they have 91L heading much farther south. I don't know if this is an anomaly, we'll see in the morning I suppose.

Westbound with no recurveing.
Member Since: December 19, 2008 Posts: 1 Comments: 212
1564. VAbeachhurricanes 5:19 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:
NOGAPS for 0600 is almost ready:



850mbar vort. Western Atlantic



wow nogaps has it hitting Jamaica? is that new??
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1565. nofailsafe 5:20 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


wow nogaps has it hitting Jamaica? is that new??


The run isn't finished yet, so yeah, this is fresh stuff.

If you notice at 06 hrs from TAU=0, there are two vort. maxima, we saw hints of that (sort of) on the IR from earlier this evening.
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1566. VAbeachhurricanes 5:22 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:


The run isn't finished yet, so yeah, this is fresh stuff.


oh gosh... here we go...
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1567. sky1989 5:22 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting AussieStorm:

Does this look like a cat 5 super-typhoon?






1 Super-Typhoon and 2 Tropical Depressions loop.

The ever shrinking eye of Super-Typhoon Muifa.


It is definately not as impressive as earlier. I would say a mid-Category 4 at the moment. Perhaps because of an eyewall replacement cycle?
Member Since: June 4, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 88
1568. Twinkster 5:22 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:
NOGAPS for 0600 is almost ready:



850mbar vort. Western Atlantic



that is very far south
Member Since: June 7, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 932
1569. Stormchaser2007 5:22 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting cchsweatherman:


Nope, working on becoming a high school math teacher.


Alg/Trig/Calc?
Member Since: June 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15294
1570. JRRP 5:23 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Member Since: August 16, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4357
1571. MississippiWx 5:23 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting Ryuujin:


I'm not saying that I have evidence that the trof wont be amplified. I just know that the GFS models are cold biased. I see it all the time living in the midwest when we're supposed to get these horrible thunderstorms for it to go *pffffft* when it hits the Wabash River. It's the same idea, just different usages.

Anyway, lets just hope it re-curves or plows into Florida as a nice super rain soaking TS, to only turn and then plow into Texas as the same.


I understand your issues with the GFS. However, that still doesn't explain why the rest of the global models (the ones that have zero to do with GFS input) have the same solution.

I'm no model fool, though. I understand that with an undeveloped tropical wave, model watching that far in advance is like pissing in the wind!
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1572. spathy 5:23 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
AaaaaRrrrrrGggggg!

As much as I hate the emotional response that the flip flopping Models (at this early stage) evoke in me, could someone post a link to a few when they are ready?
Member Since: June 8, 2008 Posts: 65 Comments: 10529
1573. Stormchaser2007 5:24 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


(Insert not well thought-out comment here)


Did they raise the price of beer since I left?!
Member Since: June 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15294
1574. nigel20 5:24 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:
NOGAPS for 0600 is almost ready:



850mbar vort. Western Atlantic

You will notice that they have 91L heading much farther south. I don't know if this is an anomaly, we'll see in the morning I suppose.

If this happens it would move closer to jamaica
Member Since: November 6, 2010 Posts: 2 Comments: 4881
1575. nofailsafe 5:25 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting spathy:
AaaaaRrrrrrGggggg!

As much as I hate the emotional response that the flip flopping Models (at this early stage) evoke in me, could someone post a link to a few when they are ready?


Here's a handy site:

Experimental forecast Tropical Cyclone Genesis Potential Fields
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1576. scott39 5:25 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
model madness!!!!
Member Since: June 13, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 6221
1577. VAbeachhurricanes 5:25 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting Stormchaser2007:


Did they raise the price of beer since I left?!


Well where i work its expensive as hell, but not good old natty light
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1578. Ryuujin 5:25 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


I understand your issues with the GFS. However, that still doesn't explain why the rest of the global models (the ones that have zero to do with GFS input) have the same solution.

I'm no model fool, though. I understand that with an undeveloped tropical wave, model watching that far in advance is like pissing in the wind!


I just want 91L to develop, and a HH to ride in there so we can get a fix and then really start crunching data to see if we can get a handle on where she's gonna go.
Member Since: August 20, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 365
1579. MississippiWx 5:26 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
The NOGAPs either hates or loves Florida. This is 91L making landfall on the West Coast of Florida ala Charley:

Edit: It won't let me post a NOGAPS image...you'll have to take my word on it. :-D
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1580. Twinkster 5:26 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
nogaps shows hurricane charley all over agin. At this time I consider that an extreme outlier, however, it is too early to count anything out and it shows that nothing is certain right now. As of right now I am favoring the GFS solution
Member Since: June 7, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 932
1581. spathy 5:27 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
No offense Nofailsafe.
I just got a very scary warning when I tried your earlier link.

Anyone else?
Member Since: June 8, 2008 Posts: 65 Comments: 10529
1582. Stormchaser2007 5:28 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
LOL!

Here we go with the NOGAPS again.

Ya'll have a great night.
Member Since: June 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15294
1583. stoormfury 5:29 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
a new burst of convection 11n50w in exactly where all the vorticity is at the moment. is this a centre relocation
Member Since: August 22, 2006 Posts: 0 Comments: 2320
1584. nofailsafe 5:29 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting Twinkster:
nogaps shows hurricane charley all over agin. At this time I consider that an extreme outlier, however, it is too early to count anything out and it shows that nothing is certain right now. As of right now I am favoring the GFS solution


I agree, this does seem highly anomalous when compared to the other tracks.
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1585. VAbeachhurricanes 5:29 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
00z statistical models.



00z early run dynamical models.

Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1586. scott39 5:29 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:
The NOGAPs either hates or loves Florida. This is 91L making landfall on the West Coast of Florida ala Charley:

It went from going out to sea to hitting Fl. MODEL MADNESS!!!!
Member Since: June 13, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 6221
1587. j2008 5:29 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting spathy:
No offense Nofailsafe.
I just got a very scary warning when I tried your earlier link.

Anyone else?

I got it too, its the site, when others give links to it, it has the same warning every time.
Member Since: December 19, 2008 Posts: 1 Comments: 212
1588. VAbeachhurricanes 5:30 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting spathy:
No offense Nofailsafe.
I just got a very scary warning when I tried your earlier link.

Anyone else?


no mine was fine, its a legit link.
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1589. MississippiWx 5:30 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:
00z statistical models.



00z early run dynamical models.



Westward-ho!
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1590. Bretts9112 5:31 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting j2008:

I got it too, its the site, when others give links to it, it has the same warning every time.

+1 I also always get it IDK why but its fine
Member Since: June 22, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 140
1591. nofailsafe 5:31 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting j2008:

I got it too, its the site, when others give links to it, it has the same warning every time.


I get an invalid security certificate message when I go to it, if that's the message you're talking about.
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1592. VAbeachhurricanes 5:32 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


Westward-ho!


yeah lil scary isabel was plenty, ill be keeping my eye on this one...
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1593. Ryuujin 5:32 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


Westward-ho!


LOL
Member Since: August 20, 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 365
1594. scott39 5:33 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:


Westward-ho!
Dont talk about 91L like that, she does have feelings you know. LOL
Member Since: June 13, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 6221
1595. VAbeachhurricanes 5:35 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4874
1596. MississippiWx 5:36 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting scott39:
Dont talk about 91L like that, she does have feelings you know. LOL


LOL. That was a legitimate LOL.
Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1597. MississippiWx 5:38 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Anyway, I think I'm going to call it a night. 91L is pretty disorganized at the moment. The fact that the 850mb vort really doesn't match up with the best convection throws up a red flag for me. Convective organization is lacking for now. Still think we will see a much improved appearance in the morning after its had d-max to help shake things out. Night everyone.

Member Since: July 15, 2006 Posts: 14 Comments: 8889
1598. nigel20 5:39 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
It seems that 91l have been tracking west for a while now.
Member Since: November 6, 2010 Posts: 2 Comments: 4881
1599. nofailsafe 5:39 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:
Anyway, I think I'm going to call it a night. 91L is pretty disorganized at the moment. The fact that the 850mb vort really doesn't match up with the best convection throws up a red flag for me. Convective organization is lacking for now. Still think we will see a much improved appearance in the morning after its had d-max to help shake things out. Night everyone.



Sounds like a good idea, I'm up for the 2am update though, then it's time to hit the sack. Early morning tomorrow, er... today.
Member Since: June 18, 2010 Posts: 3 Comments: 852
1600. JLPR2 5:41 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting MississippiWx:
Anyway, I think I'm going to call it a night. 91L is pretty disorganized at the moment. The fact that the 850mb vort really doesn't match up with the best convection throws up a red flag for me. Convective organization is lacking for now. Still think we will see a much improved appearance in the morning after its had d-max to help shake things out. Night everyone.



Yep, something seems to have gone wrong somewhere and 91L has lost organization and no ASCAT again. Jeez, I hate that satellite's aim. -.-

Sleep Well!
Member Since: September 4, 2007 Posts: 7 Comments: 7526
1601. j2008 5:42 AM GMT on July 31, 2011    
Quoting nofailsafe:


Sounds like a good idea, I'm up for the 2am update though, then it's time to hit the sack. Early morning tomorrow, er... today.

I'm gonna do the same thing, I'm gonna stay up for it tonight. Its still Saturday here.
Member Since: December 19, 2008 Posts: 1 Comments: 212

Viewing: 1551 - 1601

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139Blog Index

New Comment
Community Standards Policy Comments will take a few seconds to appear.
Post Your Comments
Please sign in to post comments.
Not only will you be able to leave comments on this blog, but you'll also have the ability to upload and share your photos in our Wunder Photos section.
About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

Community Activity