Form of Argument: Adventures in Rhetoric
Form of Argument: Adventures in Rhetoric
In 2009 I received some questions from Westview High School in San Diego, California (see here). A few weeks ago I heard from the same teacher, Bob Whitney, and he was curious about how I would respond to the issues raised in this posting on Rogues and Scholars. This is a long exchange of postings between two engineers, Burt Rutan and Brian Angliss.
In my blog, for better or worse, I have tended away from engaging in the type of discussions that are represented by this exchange. A couple of reasons: One, this line of argument that works to discredit climate change is at this point political, and as I argued here, engagement in this argument is not productive. Two, while it is necessary to address the factual inaccuracies that are stated in this type of discussion, it has been done repeatedly and well by many others (look around, for instance, at Real Climate). That said – what do you say to students who have the discussion between Rutan and Angliss at hand and want to make sense of it all?
When I look at the words used by Rutan, I see words anchored around fraud, dishonesty, alarmist - this is an argument that relies on discredit and personal attacks. Such an attack quickly raises the emotion and takes the discussion away from a knowledge base. It is the sort of attack that has become pervasive in our political conversation in general, and it is an excellent diversionary tactic. It raises the specter of distrust.
I tell students to look for the form of argument. So, first, does it rely on discredit? In this case, it does rely on discredit, and it relies on discrediting thousands of scientists, writing many thousands of papers, over many years, from many countries. It is fundamentally conspiratorial, and not only is it conspiratorial it requires that many years before climate change emerged as an important environmental problem, that the foundation for the conspiracy was being laid down. To me, this lacks any credibility in reason, but if conspiratorial beliefs are held, then it is virtually impossible to provide convincing counterarguments to the person who holds those beliefs. If the form of argument relies on conspiracy, then it is immediately suspect.
One way to address, rationally, issues of dishonesty and conspiracy is to seek external review and, ultimately, judgment. The body of climate science research has been subject to extensive external review. Governments, the National Academy (here as well), non-climate-science scientists, and lawyers have reviewed climate science. They have all affirmed the results to be well founded and based on proper scientific investigation. The studies have documented that scientists have foibles and that peer review captures the vast majority of errors and prejudices and that there are no fundamental shortcomings in the conclusions that the Earth has, at its surface, on average, warmed and with virtual certainty will continue to warm. But if you dismiss climate science on the principle of conspiratorial malfeasance, then it is simple to dismiss external review. If you stand on only your own review and have the foundation to dismiss all external review because of conspiracy, then you are always right. Hence there is no discussion. There is no possible way forward for the student other than looking at the evidence and behavior and form of argument and standing as judge.
Does the argument rely on invoking moral levers of trust and distrust based on the belief of conspiratorial fraud?
Does the argument pull out single pieces of information and ignore other pieces of information? Does the argument rely on planting belief and disbelief by reaching for metaphors outside of the field? Does the argument assert that broad claims are made when there is no evidence to support such assertion?
So for the student – you have to think about the whole, not just isolated points that are meant to be provocative and planted to grow on an emotional state fueled by claims of amoral behavior.
Yes, carbon dioxide acts as a fertilizer, but is that the complete story of the vigor of plants? Is there any denial of this role of carbon dioxide in the climate literature? Can you find quantitative, science-based studies of the carbon dioxide fertilization effect?
Yes, there was a lot of carbon dioxide when there were dinosaurs; it was warm – what is the relevance of that argument? Does that establish that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant? Can’t things that are natural also be a pollutant? Isn’t that why we don’t want mine tailings in our drinking water? Isn’t that why we manage our sewage?
There is a wealth of information out there. There are ways to analyze that information, to evaluate its validity. If this sort of argument is encumbering, then there is a need to synthesize, personally, that information to form defensible conclusions.
If you look at the form of argument that relies on emotion, picks out pieces of information to support the argument, ignores pieces of information that do not support the argument, paints moods by long reaching metaphors, and ultimately relies on a belief that a field is corrupt, and that corruption requires a conspiratorial organization extending across decades and all nations – if that is the form of argument, then how is that robust? How is that believable? It is a prejudicial form of argument directed only at making someone believe the person making the argument; it is not seeking knowledge-based understanding.
That’s how I would look at that discussion.
r

Figure 1: A summary figure I use after I walk through about 10 lectures on the basics of climate science and global warming.
If you made it here - Here are links to a PDF and a Powerpoint Slide Show that includes several viewgraphs on thinking about arguments that are frequently raised in the political argument opposing the science of climate change. (They are each about 5 MB).
PDF
PPS
Reader Comments
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Gnight>>>>>>>>>>
Servers too, ya think?
Its not new
ARS Technica Link
I don't brake for trolls !
The question was a general one. Any controls at all.
Much less with wind and solar and other renewables than with oil and coal but point accepted: all mining has some consequences.
I agree Rookie but try getting an environmental permit to mine R.E.E. here. Damn near impossible, why pollution. If I want Ham I have to harm the Pig.
Problem is if you want fossil fuel you have to feed the pig!
This prevents that!
.
Posted on Friday, December 16, 2011 8:31:14 PM by tutstar
The founder of an energy company that benefited from deals involving hundreds of millions in “stimulus” money made the maximum donation allowable to President Obama’s inauguration, WND has learned.
Peter L. Corsell, founder of GridPoint Inc., contributed $50,000 to the inauguration.
Corsell served as the Gridpoint’s chief executive officer from the company’s inception until transitioning to the position of non-executive chairman in October, 2010.
Yesterday, KleinOnline broke the story that an Obama adviser who played a key role in developing the energy provisions of the so-called stimulus bill serves on the boards of Gridpoint as well as several other companies that recently received government funds, including “stimulus” money.
TJ Glauthier served on Obama’s 2008 White House Transition Team. He is widely credited with helping to craft the energy provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, also known as the “stimulus.”
Do BP's big donations to Obama matter?
The president has received more in political contributions from BP than any other federal candidate in the last 20 years. Is that fact important?
posted on May 6, 2010, at 2:50 PM
Link
WASHINGTON - A major donor to President Obama discussed with White House officials a solar energy company that received a half-billion dollar federal loan and later went bankrupt, newly released emails show.
The emails released by a House committee appear to contradict repeated assurances by the Obama administration that the donor, George Kaiser, never talked about Solyndra Inc. with the White House.
Solyndra's name came up at a White House meeting with Kaiser last year at a time when the California company was seeking a second federal loan, after it had already received a $528 million loan in 2009, the emails show.
The second loan was not approved. Instead, an investment venture controlled by Kaiser made a private loan that resulted in the firm and other investors moving ahead of taxpayers in line for repayment in case of a default by Solyndra.
Video: White House subpoenaed over Solyndra
Solyndra warnings came from within gov't
FBI raids solar firm that got stimulus cash.
Link
The Pot and Kettle analogy, don't want to offend NEO.
Heaven from Hell,
Blue sky's from pain.
Can you tell a green field
From a cold steel rail?
A smile from a veil?
Do you think you can tell?
And did they get you to trade
Your heroes for ghosts?
Hot ashes for trees?
Hot air for a cool breeze?
Cold comfort for change?
And did you exchange
A walk on part in the war
For a lead role in a cage?
Funny you mention Pink Floyd.
Last month while driving from Tucson to Phoenix for work I had the pleasure of hearing Roger Waters expound on his life view with Howard Stern. Roger's Dad was a communist in Britain and completely against the war and actively disented until 1944 when
he could no longer in good conscience object any longer. Sad fact was he was killed shortly after in the conflict and that loss was one reason for Roger's
beliefs and actions. It is interesting what drives individuals in some cases. (He did't get along with the Headmaster at his school either as you might discern from the "CAN'T HAVE ANY PUDDDIN'")
When they come out with their maps which use a baseline of 1951-1980 it should be around 0.30 for the 250km map. (land and ocean)
Correct but notice how much larger and more numerous the red dots are compared to the blue dots. Globally we are still to hot............ Not good since it was in the middle of winter up here in the Northern hemisphere.
This
prevents that.
GISS GLOBAL Land-Ocean temperature anomaly for February is 0.40. GISS Tsurf (only land) is 0.51 and GISS Tocn (only ocean) is 0.26.
GISS GLOBAL Land-Ocean Temperature Index (L-OTI)
Here is the 250km map for land-ocean 0.31C
Very disproportionate hot indeed!
Globally this:
prevents that.
Still very disproportionate hot!
Globally this:
prevents that!
And please stop spamming your Cherry picture and crazy pipe dream or this IGNORE USER will prevent that as you say.
So you
a graph that has an infinitesimal amount of cooling. Never mind the warming trend continues unabated.
Notice the continued warming unabated LOL
Here’s a couple of links especially for you. ;)
Of Averages and Anomalies - Part 1A. A Primer on how to measure surface temperature change
Of Averages and Anomalies - Part 1B. How the Surface Temperature records are built
Of Averages & Anomalies - Part 2A. Why Surface Temperature records are more robust than we think
Of Averages & Anomalies - Part 2B. More on why Surface Temperature records are more robust than we think
It sure has show us where it has gone below 0.0 in the last 20 years?
You can't
that one can you?
...The choice of base period doesn't really matter as its the trend that's important, not the absolute values. Nevertheless, some people do get a little confused when comparing two temperature records that use different base periods...
Base period 1980 to 2010
Those graphs very clearly demonstrate the the climate continues to warm. The weather is doing what weather does.
If I put points around the globe on the Equator, I can give you decent measurements for East and West but my measurements for North or South is at best a guess. Now add points for North and South my measurements become more accurate add more points more accurate.
Question say someone wants to build a house shaped like a rectangle and shows you some info on a piece of paper what is the minimum info required to build it.
Do you need 1, 2, 3, or 4 corners?
Do you need measurements?
Do you need square footage?
Do you need a scale on the page?
or could you combine some info to figure out the rest and what is the minimum info to get the answer.
Hint there is more than one way to do it but each requires different minimum amounts of info.
It's all where you
the measurement from. Correct!
That is an extremely off-target analogy.
One thing I think that you need to note is that what is important wrt climate change isn't the "absolute temperature" to some arbitrary degree of precision. What's important is the change in temperature and the trend (warming, in this case).
In an earlier post you said, "I also use 250km maps which are more accurate than the 1200km maps." What do you mean by "more accurate" and what is your evidence for that claim?
Nope. Hardly any of it on a global scale until the last 150 years or so.
That's true. You start where it makes sense to start. Relevance and accuracy are the key determinants.
Of course they can! Starting with the fact that they are measuring at different resolutions. IOW, why would it be impossible for the 1200 km anomaly to be 0.40C whilst the 250 km anomaly is 0.31C?
If the uncertainty in the measurements is 0.05C or more, which seems likely enough, then the two anomalies are in agreement within the error bars.
So, yes they can both be correct.
It will give you better resolution of the weather, without a doubt. However, I don't think it makes that much different when you are trying to ascertain whether the climate is changing so long as you have sufficient information to be representative.
I am not sure where you live but pick a town 750 (approx 1200) miles away and see if you can get your temp anomaly from theirs. Now use a town that is 150 (approx 250km) miles away.
It doesn't need to be perfect, just useful and reasonably accurate.
If that made a substantive difference, then we would see a substantive difference in the rate of warming between the Earth-based and the satellite measurements. But we don't. The rate of warming is virtually the same across all data sets. The only explanation for that agreement is that the Earth-based measurements are doing a pretty good job of reflecting the actual situation.
There is always going to be room for improvement, but even if we achieved perfection there is no real reason to suppose that there would be any substantive change to the rate of warming observed.
On any given day, I might. Over the course of a month, I probably could --within a margin of error. Over the course of thirty years, I almost certainly could, and within a fairly tight MoE.
Just because we can't know everything doesn't mean we can't know anything.
You take me back to my architectural drafting days, nymore.
Our first assignment was to design a beach house. We were given a minimum and maximum square feet it was to be built to. There had to be two bedrooms, an indoor storage room with outside access, a bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. Given this scant information, we had to design our own beach house. Complete with landscaping. ... I got an "A". ;-) BTW, there was no CAD, back in them days. ;-)
Are we going "cookie cutter" here or custom built? ;-)
Are we to take it that the building codes are known and will be adhered to for the local region it is to built?
Will it be built on site or are modular sections being brought in?
Are we using the regular crew or are we looking at local talent for construction?
The permits and inspections will also have to be priced into the total construction costs.
Depending on the percentage of completion they are wanting, you will need to also need know these:
What are the electrical requirements?
What are the plumbing requirements?
What are the materials to be used?
What are the heat/AC needs?
Carpet, tile, wood, linoleum floors?
What type of roof will it have and what type of shingles will be used?
How many rooms will it have?
What are the location and size of each room?
Do they want a garage? Attached or detached? What size? What building materials are to be used? Exposed interior studs or with finished walls?
What will the driveway be built of? How long and wide is the driveway?
You would need to know all the details as to cabinets, interior wall materials, paint, sinks, tubs, showers, lighting fixtures, light switches and wall outlets.
Will the house have solar panels installed? (I had to add that one ;-))
Have any special need considerations been made as to if the house is to built on the top of a mountain, hill, in a marshland or other obstacles to a "normal" build?
Will the house be built on a slab, pier and beam or on blocks and pads?
How many stories will it be?
Do they want it framed in, dried in, 80% complete, 90% complete or turn key?
We already know that the house is to be rectangular, so it will have 4 corners. The two sides will be of the same length and the front and back will be of the same length. The lengths of the sides will be the lengths of the front and the back. We also know that the corners will set on 90 degree angles. We can advance from here.
Should they give us square footage, then all we need is the length of one side and how many stories it will be. We are able to determine the other exterior wall lengths from this.
A home that is drawn to scale and includes a full schedule and notations only needs one question answered. You tell them how much it will cost and then ask when you get your money to start building. Do not forget to add the cost of permits and inspections into your cost.
Let us face the facts. The most useful information they can give you are all of the construction blueprints that are to scale and includes the following:
Door and window schedules.
Building materials to be used.
Electrical and plumbing schedules.
Appliance schedule.
Sinks, tubs and showers schedules.
Full notations and special notations.
For what it is worth, technically the increase is a not linear. Going by your figures, the increase has to be measured against a fixed number of miles: i.e. efficincy is how much gas is burned per miles. If you go 100 miles in a car that gets 10 mpg, you burn 10 gallons. If you double the efficiency (20 mpg), you save 5 gallons. If you start with a car that gets 20 mpg and double it, the respective figures are 5 gallons, 2.5 gallons or a savings of just 2.5 gallons.
Hey cricket, what is GAIA?
No, I don't think you do and I don't think you have read what it says in the links I gave you.
1200 km doesn't mean that the nearest station is 1200 km away. It means "every station within 1200 km of the centre of the sub-box".
So, which is more correct of the maps below?
My answer is: It's not that important to know because it's the trend that's important, not the absolute values.
The trend is upward.
Geologic record testifies to unprecedented changes in ocean chemistry, USC researcher says | 89.3 KPCC
That a good thing, a bad thing, or a doesn't matter kind of thing?
Can you please show me all these stations in the 1200km sub boxes for the arctic or antarctic or africa or greenland.
Northern hemisphere coverage even at 1200km is about 81%, coverage for the southern hemisphere is about 70%
Here is the car I am talking about, nice and economical.
The concept of love or like when referring to to planetary bodies is a bit odd. I do no harm, except in your view, travel all around it in a 747 like Al Gore, only I am working.
http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2749/4317498861_0c8 810eb40_z.jpg
Link
I don't brake for trolls !
From the link: "But new estimates, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, put the threshold at 1.6 C (2.9 F), in a range of 0.8-3.2 C (1.4-5.8 F), although this would have to be sustained for tens of thousands of years." -bold added
Interesting, but it doesn't sound like an immediate threat.
What is immediate is how quickly we push the global temperature rise. The faster and higher the rise, the sooner and faster the loss of the ice. Do we test the limit?
Tonight's Graph's, brought to you by, FRESCA and Bill Maher
Perhaps you should ask about the homogenization and extrapolation processes used for the same. Then ask how many stations are above 80N. Weak, plain and simple.
Did you happen to notice most of the images, or graphs, and data from some are all from similar imageshack accounts? Why,,,,, does the source not have enough color depth? It is easy enought to capture and link the pic. Just a picture, no photoshop right? The climate does not remember us taking pictures......
nymore
Just wanted to stop in and thank you posting the other day about rare earth metals. Sent me off into hours of interesting reading. Took some chemistry in HS and college, so I am familiar with the periodic table. Thing is, the chemistry I learned was just general and organic and it was a while back, so I had no idea these elements, the rare earth metals, were important in so many ways to life as we know it. Electronics, oil refining, medicine, even catalytic converters for engines and the batteries that run hybrid vehicles. Also of interest, how China has mined the bulk of the world supply since the 1980s.
So thank you, nymore!
And Patrap.
My brain has trouble comparing prices and the number of rigs, because oil's just getting harder to get to and some rigs don't produce a heckuva lot per day - which might explain some of the increase in number of rigs.
...
OK. I'll leave you to your brandy and cigars and exit blog left.
:)
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